Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Revision Notes CBSE History Chapter 2

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Last Updated on April 17, 2024 by XAM CONTENT

Here you will find revision notes for CBSE Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. It is a part of Revision Notes for CBSE Class 9 Social Science Series.

CBSEClass 9 History
Useful forClass 9 Students
SubjectSocial Science – History
ChapterSocialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
TypeRevision Notes
CoversNotes
Important Keywords
Important Dates
Important LinkClass 9 Social Science Chapterwise Revision Notes

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Revision Notes CBSE History Chapter 2

Notes

  1. Although Russia had risen to prominence on account of the achievements of the Czars, it was still a backward country as compared to the other progressive states of Europe.
  2. By the beginning of the 20th century, the political movements based on the ideas of socialism emerged in a number of countries in Europe.
  3. With the outbreak of the First World War, the movement suffered a setback.
  4. With the progress of the First World War, the Russian Revolution took place in 1917. This event is considered a highly significant event of the 20th century.
  5. Relatively, minor incidents can set off revolutions. In the case of Russian Revolution, it was a demonstration by the working class women trying to purchase bread.
  6. A general strike of workers followed, in which soldiers and others soon joined. Women played a significant role in the revolution: Lawlessness prevailed everywhere.
  7. The revolution started on 7th March, 1917 when workers attacked Petrograd. In Russia, this revolution is called the February Revolution because the old Russian calendar is about 13 days behind the International calendar.
  8. The revolutionaries stormed the jails and imprisoned many officers. Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne on March 15, 1917. The fall of the Czar, however, marked only the beginning of the revolution.
  9. Lenin, who was in exile in Switzerland at the time of February Revolution, returned to Russia in April. Under his leadership, the Bolshevik Party put forward clear policies to end the war, transfer land to the peasants and raised the slogan ‘All Power of the Soviets’.
  10. The unpopularity of the Kerensky government led to its collapse on 6th November, 1917 when a group of sailors occupied the Winter Palace, the seat of the Kerensky government.
  11. The Bolshevik Party then captured power in Russia. This event is known as the October Revolution of 1917 (again, according to old Russian calendar).
  12. The Bolshevik government under the leadership of Lenin took many steps to restore law and order, and establish a socialist society.
  13. Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders organised troops to fight the Bolsheviks.
  14. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was an important event in the world history. It gave a significant place to Russia in the world politics.
  15. Socialism lays more emphasis on society than on individuals. It subordinates individual interest to that of society.
  16. The main objective of socialism is to eliminate capitalism or any type of competition.
  17. Socialism stands for equality. It negates the role of private enterprise. In short, socialism stands for justice, liberty and fair play, and it aims at social welfare.
  18. After the death of Lenin, a power struggle ensued between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
  19. Trotsky was assassinated and Stalin took control of the government.
  20. Stalin made determined efforts to overcome the economic problems of Russia and took three significant steps: first, Five-Year Plan; second, collectivisation of agriculture; and third, introduction of a totalitarian regime.

Important Keywords

Bolshevik: A party that wanted outright revolution and did not believe in parliamentary system.
Bureaucrats: The senior officers who ran the administration of the country.
Bloody Sunday: A mass of peaceful workers, who were trying to appeal in St. Petersburg, were fired upon on 9th January, 1917 (Sunday). The day is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’.
Czar: Hereditary title of the Russian Emperor.
Capitalist: The owner of the means of production such as land, factories, mills, etc. Duma: An elected body which makes laws in the Russian Parliament.
Menshevik: A group that wanted to establish socialism through widespread education and reforms among workers. Alexander Kerensky was their political leader.
October Revolution: Second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917 which broke out on 7 th November according to old Russian Calendar.
Socialism: An economic system in which means of production are used, owned and managed by the government.
Soviets: A council of representatives of workers.
Suffragette Movement: A movement to give women the right to vote.
Jadidists: Muslim reformers within the Russian empire.
Real Wage: It reflects the quantities of goods that the wages will actually buy.

Important Dates

  • 1850s-1880s : Debates over socialism in Russia.
  • 1898 : Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.
  • 1905 : The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.
  • 1917, 2nd March : Abdication of the Tsar, 24th October – Bolshevik unprising in Petrograd.
  • 1918-20 : The Civil War.
  • 1919 : Formation of Comintern.
  • 1929 : Beginning of Collectivisation.

Also check

class 9 history revision notes

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