{"id":1330,"date":"2026-05-14T15:23:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T09:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/?p=1330"},"modified":"2026-05-14T15:23:58","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T09:53:58","slug":"machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/","title":{"rendered":"Machines \u2014 Concept Capsule | ICSE Class 10 Physics"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Why is the mechanical advantage of a practical machine always less than its velocity ratio?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"In a practical machine, some input energy is wasted in overcoming friction between moving parts and in lifting the weight of the moving parts. Thus, useful work output is less than work input, causing efficiency to be less than 100%, making M.A. less than V.R.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"If a single fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1, why is it used?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"It is used purely to change the direction of the effort to be applied. It is much more convenient to pull downwards (utilizing one's body weight) rather than lifting a load vertically upwards.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Why does a Class III lever always have a mechanical advantage of less than 1?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"In a Class III lever, the effort lies between the fulcrum and the load. Consequently, the effort arm is always shorter than the load arm. Since M.A. = Effort Arm \/ Load Arm, its M.A. is always less than 1, making it a speed multiplier.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Why is the lower block of a block and tackle system made as light as possible?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"The weight of the lower movable block adds to the total load being lifted. To maximize the efficiency and mechanical advantage of the system, this extra useless weight must be kept to an absolute minimum.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Name a machine which is used to multiply speed. Which class of lever is it? Give its mechanical advantage.\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"A pair of scissors used for cutting cloth or a pair of sugar tongs. Sugar tongs belong to the Class III lever system. The mechanical advantage of such a machine is always less than 1.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Establish the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, and efficiency of a machine.\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"Efficiency (\u03b7) = Work Output \/ Work Input. Work Output = Load \u00d7 displacement of load. Work Input = Effort \u00d7 displacement of effort. Therefore, \u03b7 = (Load \/ Effort) \u00d7 (displacement of load \/ displacement of effort). This simplifies to \u03b7 = M.A. \/ V.R., or M.A. = V.R. \u00d7 \u03b7.\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-cc\">\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-header\" data-icon=\"\ud83d\udca1\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-series-label\">\ud83d\udca1 Concept Capsule<\/div>\n  <h1 class=\"xc-s-chapter-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chapter_3_Machines\"><\/span>Chapter 3: Machines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-meta-bar\">\n    <span class=\"xc-s-meta-item\">\ud83d\udcda ICSE<\/span>\n    <span class=\"xc-s-meta-item\">\ud83c\udf93 Class 10<\/span>\n    <span class=\"xc-s-meta-item\">\u26a1 Physics<\/span>\n    <span class=\"xc-s-meta-item\">\ud83d\udcd6 Chapter 3 of 12<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-glance\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-glance-header\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-glance-title\">\ud83d\udccb Chapter at a Glance<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-weightage\">\n      <span class=\"xc-s-weightage-val\">8-10<\/span>\n      <span class=\"xc-s-weightage-label\">marks in board<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-difficulty-row\">\n    <span style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:600;color:#64748b;\">Difficulty:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"xc-s-diff-badge xc-s-diff-medium\">\u26a1 Moderate<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-glance-label\">\u2705 Topics Covered in This Post<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-topics-grid\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-topic-item\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-text\">Functions &#038; Technical Terms<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-topic-item\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-text\">Principle of a Machine<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-topic-item\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-text\">Classes of Levers (I, II, III)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-topic-item\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-text\">Single Fixed &#038; Movable Pulleys<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-topic-item\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-topic-text\">Block and Tackle Systems<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-section-head\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-icon\">\ud83e\udde0<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-body\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-section-label\">Concept Capsule \u00b7 ICSE Class 10 Physics<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"xc-s-section-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Core_Concepts\"><\/span>Core Concepts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-concept\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-concept-num\">1<\/div>\n    <h3 class=\"xc-s-concept-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions_of_a_Machine\"><\/span>Functions of a Machine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-body\">\n    <p>A machine is a device that overcomes a large resistive force (load) by applying a small force (effort) at a convenient point and in a desired direction. It serves four main functions:<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Chapter_3_Machines\" title=\"Chapter 3: Machines\">Chapter 3: Machines<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Core_Concepts\" title=\"Core Concepts\">Core Concepts<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Functions_of_a_Machine\" title=\"Functions of a Machine\">Functions of a Machine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#The_Principle_of_a_Machine\" title=\"The Principle of a Machine\">The Principle of a Machine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Levers_and_Their_Classes\" title=\"Levers and Their Classes\">Levers and Their Classes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Pulleys_and_Block_Tackle\" title=\"Pulleys and Block &amp; Tackle\">Pulleys and Block &amp; Tackle<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Important_Definitions\" title=\"Important Definitions\">Important Definitions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Formulas_to_Remember\" title=\"Formulas to Remember\">Formulas to Remember<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Differentiate_Between\" title=\"Differentiate Between\">Differentiate Between<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Give_Reasons\" title=\"Give Reasons\">Give Reasons<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#Diagrams_to_Know\" title=\"Diagrams to Know\">Diagrams to Know<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/#You_may_also_like\" title=\"You may also like:\">You may also like:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n    <ul>\n      <li><strong>Force Multiplier:<\/strong> Overcoming a large load with less effort (M.A. &gt; 1). E.g., a jack lifting a car.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Speed Multiplier:<\/strong> Obtaining a gain in speed, where the load moves faster than the effort (M.A. &lt; 1). E.g., a pair of scissors cutting cloth.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Changing Point of Application:<\/strong> Shifting the point where effort is applied. E.g., the rear wheel of a bicycle.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Changing Direction of Effort:<\/strong> Making it convenient to apply force. E.g., a single fixed pulley used to lift a bucket from a well.<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n    <p><strong>Note:<\/strong> A machine can NEVER act as a force multiplier and a speed multiplier simultaneously.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-concept\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-concept-num\">2<\/div>\n    <h3 class=\"xc-s-concept-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Principle_of_a_Machine\"><\/span>The Principle of a Machine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-body\">\n    <p>The principle of a machine is based on the law of conservation of energy. It establishes the relationship between Work Input, Work Output, and Efficiency.<\/p>\n    <ul>\n      <li><strong>Ideal Machine:<\/strong> A hypothetical machine with no friction or weight of moving parts. Here, <em>Work Output = Work Input<\/em>, making efficiency 100%.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Practical Machine:<\/strong> In reality, energy is always lost to friction. Therefore, <em>Work Output &lt; Work Input<\/em>, and efficiency is always less than 100%.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>The Golden Relation:<\/strong> Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) = Velocity Ratio (V.R.) &times; Efficiency (&eta;).<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-concept\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-concept-num\">3<\/div>\n    <h3 class=\"xc-s-concept-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Levers_and_Their_Classes\"><\/span>Levers and Their Classes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-body\">\n    <p>A lever is a rigid, straight, or bent bar capable of turning about a fixed axis called the <strong>fulcrum<\/strong>. They operate on the principle of moments.<\/p>\n    <ul>\n      <li><strong>Class I (Fulcrum in middle):<\/strong> Can be force multipliers (pliers), speed multipliers (scissors), or neither (see-saw). M.A. can be &gt;1, &lt;1, or =1.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Class II (Load in middle):<\/strong> The effort arm is always longer than the load arm. M.A. is always &gt; 1. They are <em>always force multipliers<\/em> (e.g., wheelbarrow, nutcracker).<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Class III (Effort in middle):<\/strong> The effort arm is always shorter than the load arm. M.A. is always &lt; 1. They are <em>always speed multipliers<\/em> (e.g., sugar tongs, forearm).<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-concept\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-concept-num\">4<\/div>\n    <h3 class=\"xc-s-concept-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pulleys_and_Block_Tackle\"><\/span>Pulleys and Block &amp; Tackle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-concept-body\">\n    <p>Pulleys are wheels with a grooved rim used to lift loads. They can be combined to alter mechanical advantage.<\/p>\n    <ul>\n      <li><strong>Single Fixed Pulley:<\/strong> Fixed to a rigid support. V.R. = 1. Used purely to change the direction of effort.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Single Movable Pulley:<\/strong> Not fixed; moves with the load. V.R. = 2. Acts as a force multiplier but requires effort in an upward direction.<\/li>\n      <li><strong>Block and Tackle System:<\/strong> A combination of fixed and movable blocks. The <em>Velocity Ratio is exactly equal to the total number of pulleys (n)<\/em> or the number of rope segments supporting the movable block.<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-section-head\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-body\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-section-label\">ICSE Exam Language \u2014 Write Exactly<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"xc-s-section-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Definitions\"><\/span>Important Definitions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-def-list\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-def-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-term\">Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-text\">It is defined as the ratio of the load overcome by a machine to the effort applied to it. (M.A. = Load \/ Effort).<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-def-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-term\">Velocity Ratio (V.R.)<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-text\">It is defined as the ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of the load. Or, the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-def-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-term\">Efficiency (&eta;)<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-text\">It is the ratio of the useful work done by the machine (work output) to the work done on the machine (work input).<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-def-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-term\">Principle of a Lever<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-text\">In equilibrium, the anticlockwise moment of the load about the fulcrum is equal to the clockwise moment of the effort about the fulcrum.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-def-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-term\">Ideal Machine<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-def-text\">A machine whose parts are perfectly smooth and weightless, in which there is no loss of energy, and its efficiency is 100%.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-section-head\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd22<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-body\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-section-label\">All Formulas \u2014 Chapter 3<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"xc-s-section-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Formulas_to_Remember\"><\/span>Formulas to Remember<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-formula-block\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-block-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-block-icon\">\ud83d\udd22<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-block-title\">Machines \u2014 Key Formulas<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-name\">Mechanical Advantage<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-eq\">M.A. = Load (L) \/ Effort (E)<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-unit\">No unit<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-name\">Velocity Ratio<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-eq\">V.R. = V<sub>E<\/sub> \/ V<sub>L<\/sub> = d<sub>E<\/sub> \/ d<sub>L<\/sub><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-unit\">No unit<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-name\">Efficiency Relation<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-eq\">&eta; = M.A. \/ V.R. &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; M.A. = V.R. &times; &eta;<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-unit\">% or decimal<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-name\">Principle of Levers<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-eq\">Load &times; Load Arm = Effort &times; Effort Arm<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-unit\">&#8211;<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-name\">M.A. of a Lever<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-eq\">M.A. = Effort Arm \/ Load Arm<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-unit\">No unit<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-formula-row\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-name\">Block and Tackle V.R.<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-eq\">V.R. = n (Total number of pulleys)<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-formula-unit\">No unit<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-section-head\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-body\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-section-label\">ICSE Favourite \u2014 Always in Exam<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"xc-s-section-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Differentiate_Between\"><\/span>Differentiate Between<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-diff-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-diff-title-bar\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diff-title-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diff-title-text\">Single Fixed Pulley vs. Single Movable Pulley<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div style=\"overflow-x:auto;\">\n  <table class=\"xc-s-diff-table\">\n    <thead>\n      <tr><th>Basis<\/th><th>Single Fixed Pulley<\/th><th>Single Movable Pulley<\/th><\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr><td>Position of axis<\/td><td>Its axis of rotation is fixed to a rigid support.<\/td><td>Its axis of rotation is movable.<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Ideal M.A. &amp; V.R.<\/td><td>Ideal M.A. = 1, V.R. = 1<\/td><td>Ideal M.A. = 2, V.R. = 2<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Function<\/td><td>Used only to change the direction of effort.<\/td><td>Used as a force multiplier.<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Weight of pulley<\/td><td>Its weight does not affect its M.A.<\/td><td>Its weight reduces its M.A.<\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-diff-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-diff-title-bar\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diff-title-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diff-title-text\">Class II Lever vs. Class III Lever<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div style=\"overflow-x:auto;\">\n  <table class=\"xc-s-diff-table\">\n    <thead>\n      <tr><th>Basis<\/th><th>Class II Lever<\/th><th>Class III Lever<\/th><\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr><td>Position<\/td><td>Load is between fulcrum and effort.<\/td><td>Effort is between fulcrum and load.<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Arms Relation<\/td><td>Effort arm is always longer than load arm.<\/td><td>Effort arm is always shorter than load arm.<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Mechanical Advantage<\/td><td>M.A. &gt; 1<\/td><td>M.A. &lt; 1<\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>Function<\/td><td>Acts as a force multiplier.<\/td><td>Acts as a speed multiplier.<\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n  <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-section-head\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcac<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-body\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-section-label\">ICSE Board Exam Type<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"xc-s-section-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Give_Reasons\"><\/span>Give Reasons<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-num\">1<\/div>\n    <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Why is the mechanical advantage of a practical machine always less than its velocity ratio?<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Answer<\/div>\n    <p>In a practical machine, some input energy is wasted in overcoming <strong>friction<\/strong> between moving parts and in lifting the weight of the moving parts. Thus, useful work output is less than work input, causing efficiency to be &lt; 100%, making <strong>M.A. &lt; V.R.<\/strong><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-num\">2<\/div>\n    <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">If a single fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1, why is it used?<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Answer<\/div>\n    <p>It is used purely to <strong>change the direction of the effort<\/strong> to be applied. It is much more convenient to pull downwards (utilizing one&#8217;s body weight) rather than lifting a heavy load vertically upwards.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-num\">3<\/div>\n    <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Why does a Class III lever always have a mechanical advantage of less than 1?<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Answer<\/div>\n    <p>In a Class III lever, the effort lies between the fulcrum and the load. Consequently, the <strong>effort arm is always shorter than the load arm<\/strong>. Since M.A. = Effort Arm \/ Load Arm, its M.A. is always &lt; 1, making it a speed multiplier.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-num\">4<\/div>\n    <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Why is the lower block of a block and tackle system made as light as possible?<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Answer<\/div>\n    <p>The weight of the lower movable block adds to the total load being lifted. To maximize the <strong>efficiency<\/strong> and <strong>mechanical advantage<\/strong> of the system, this extra useless weight must be kept to an absolute minimum.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-num\">5<\/div>\n    <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Can a machine be used as both a force multiplier and a speed multiplier simultaneously?<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Answer<\/div>\n    <p><strong>No.<\/strong> A machine acting as a force multiplier requires M.A. &gt; 1 (effort moves a greater distance). A speed multiplier requires M.A. &lt; 1 (load moves a greater distance). It is impossible for both conditions to be true at the same time.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-section-head\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd0<\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-section-body\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-section-label\">Draw &amp; Label \u2014 ICSE Board<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"xc-s-section-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diagrams_to_Know\"><\/span>Diagrams to Know<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-diagram-box\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-head\">\n    <span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\ud83d\udcd0<\/span>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-title\">Block and Tackle System (n=4 and n=5)<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-pyq-badge\">\u2b50 PYQ Favourite<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-img\">\n    [Insert Block and Tackle Diagram Here]\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-labels\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-labels-title\">Labels to include:<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label-grid\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label\"><div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label-dot\"><\/div>String starting point (Fixed block if &#8216;n&#8217; is even, Movable if &#8216;n&#8217; is odd)<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label\"><div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label-dot\"><\/div>Tension (T) arrows pointing upwards<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label\"><div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label-dot\"><\/div>Load (L) pointing downwards<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label\"><div class=\"xc-s-diagram-label-dot\"><\/div>Effort (E) pointing downwards at the free end<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-revision\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-revision-header\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-header-icon\">\u26a1<\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-header-title\">Quick Revision \u2014 Last Night Before Exam<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-revision-grid\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">1<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">M.A., V.R., and Efficiency are pure ratios and have <strong>no units<\/strong>.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">2<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">Class II levers are <strong>always<\/strong> force multipliers (M.A. &gt; 1).<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">3<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">Class III levers are <strong>always<\/strong> speed multipliers (M.A. &lt; 1).<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">4<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">In an ideal machine, Mechanical Advantage is <strong>equal<\/strong> to Velocity Ratio.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">5<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">A single fixed pulley only changes the <strong>direction<\/strong> of effort.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">6<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">In a block and tackle, the V.R. is strictly equal to the <strong>total number of pulleys (n)<\/strong>.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">7<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">Friction and weight of pulleys reduce M.A. and efficiency, but <strong>never<\/strong> affect Velocity Ratio.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">8<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">Sugar tongs and a human forearm lifting a load are examples of <strong>Class III<\/strong> levers.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">9<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">A wheelbarrow and a nutcracker are classic examples of <strong>Class II<\/strong> levers.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"xc-s-revision-item\"><div class=\"xc-s-revision-bullet\">10<\/div><div class=\"xc-s-revision-text\">When solving block and tackle numerically, use <strong>M.A. = V.R. &times; &eta;<\/strong>.<\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"xc-s-pyq-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"xc-s-pyq-header\">\n    <div class=\"xc-s-pyq-header-icon\">\ud83d\udcdc<\/div>\n    <div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-pyq-header-title\">PYQ Spotlight \u2014 Most Repeated Questions<\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-pyq-header-sub\">ICSE Board Papers \u00b7 Chapter 3: Machines<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"xc-s-pyq-body\">\n\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\" style=\"flex-direction:column;gap:8px;\">\n        <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-meta\">\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-year\">2016<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-year\">2020<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-marks\">3 Marks<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-freq\">\ud83d\udd25 4\/10 years<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Draw a neat labelled diagram of a block and tackle system having a velocity ratio of 4. Indicate the direction of load, effort, and tension.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n        <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Model Answer Points<\/div>\n        <p>1. Draw 2 pulleys in the upper fixed block and 2 in the lower movable block.<br>\n        2. Tie the rope to the hook of the <strong>upper fixed block<\/strong>.<br>\n        3. Thread it down to the first movable pulley, up to the first fixed, down to the second movable, and finally over the second fixed pulley.<br>\n        4. Mark &#8216;E&#8217; (effort) pointing downwards at the free end.<br>\n        5. Mark &#8216;L&#8217; (load) pointing downwards from the movable block.<br>\n        6. Mark 4 &#8216;T&#8217; (tension) arrows pointing upwards along the 4 rope segments supporting the movable block.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\" style=\"flex-direction:column;gap:8px;\">\n        <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-meta\">\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-year\">2018<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-marks\">2 Marks<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-freq\">\ud83d\udd25 3\/10 years<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Name a machine which is used to multiply speed. Which class of lever is it? Give its mechanical advantage.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n        <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Model Answer<\/div>\n        <p>A pair of scissors used for cutting cloth or a pair of sugar tongs. Sugar tongs belong to the <strong>Class III lever<\/strong> system. The mechanical advantage of such a machine is always <strong>less than 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-block\">\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-head\" style=\"flex-direction:column;gap:8px;\">\n        <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-meta\">\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-year\">2015<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-year\">2019<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-marks\">2 Marks<\/span>\n          <span class=\"xc-s-pyq-freq\">\ud83d\udd25 2\/10 years<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"xc-s-toggle-q\">Establish the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, and efficiency of a machine.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-btn\"><span class=\"xc-s-toggle-icon\">\u25bc<\/span><span>Show Answer<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a\">\n        <div class=\"xc-s-toggle-a-head\">\u2705 Model Answer<\/div>\n        <p>We know, Efficiency (&eta;) = Work Output \/ Work Input<br>\n        Work Output = Load &times; displacement of load (L &times; d<sub>L<\/sub>)<br>\n        Work Input = Effort &times; displacement of effort (E &times; d<sub>E<\/sub>)<br>\n        &eta; = (L &times; d<sub>L<\/sub>) \/ (E &times; d<sub>E<\/sub>) = (L \/ E) &times; (d<sub>L<\/sub> \/ d<sub>E<\/sub>)<br>\n        Since L \/ E = Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) and d<sub>E<\/sub> \/ d<sub>L<\/sub> = Velocity Ratio (V.R.)<br>\n        Therefore, <strong>&eta; = M.A. \/ V.R.<\/strong> or <strong>M.A. = V.R. &times; &eta;<\/strong><\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"You_may_also_like\"><\/span>You may also like:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n<ul class=\"lcp_catlist\" id=\"lcp_instance_0\"><li class=\"current\"><a href=\"https:\/\/xamcontent.com\/cisce\/machines-concept-capsule-icse-class-10-physics\/\">Machines \u2014 Concept Capsule | ICSE Class 10 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